This study assessed exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields of welders and other metal workers and compared exposure from different welding processes. Exposure to ELF magnetic fields was measured for 50 workers selected from a nationwide cohort of metal workers and 15 nonrandomly selected full-time welders in a shipyard. The measurements were carried out with personal exposure...

Abstract: A very effective method for modelling and simulation of large complex dynamic systems is represented by distributed modelling using transmission line elements (or bi-lateral delay lines). This method evolves naturally for calculation of pressures when hydraulic pipelines are modelled with distributed parameters, and it can be used to effectively partition the model to use local solver...

THIS ARTICLE DEVELOPS A FORMAL MODEL FOR COMPARING THE COST STRUCTURE OF THE TWO MAIN TRANSPORT OPTIONS FOR NATURAL GAS: liquefied natural gas (LNG) and pipelines. In particular, it evaluates how variations in the prices of natural gas and greenhouse gas emissions affect the relative cost-efficiency of these two options. Natural gas is often promoted as the most environmentally friendly of all ...

Because of the continuous growth of electric energy consumption and the trend with electric lines of high voltages energy transport and metal pipelines which compose the transport of the fluids and liquid or gas hydrocarbons in the same corridor, the parallelism and the proximity of the power lines and the metallic pipelines become increasingly common. Consequently, it was an increasing concern...

The technical equipment developed and used in both installation and operation processes in refineries, oil and gas pipelines, and gas booster stations has always been expensive. Hence, managers at different organizational levels are keen to find methods to control and reduce these costs. Generally speaking, the operators in a gas booster station choose the operating devices without considering ...

Chinedu I. Ossai*, Brian Boswell, Ian J. Davies Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. Abstract To estimate the internal pit depth growth and reliability of aged oil and gas pipelines, a Monte Carlo simulation approach was adopted. The average maximum pit depths of corroded pipelines were correlated with the operating parameters temper...