Placebo responses contribute substantially to the effect and clinical outcome of medical treatments. Patients' expectations have been identified as one of the major mechanisms contributing to placebo effects. However, to date a general theoretical framework to better understand how patient expectations interact with features of medical treatment has not been developed. In this paper we outline ...

Background & aim: The prevalence rate of contraceptive use in Ethiopia is 42%; however, only 5% of Ethiopians use the long-acting contraceptive methods. This rate is 4.8% in Benishangul Gumuz Region in this country. Regarding this, the present study aimed to assess the determinants of long-acting reversible contraceptive method use among married women in Assosa town, E...

Rational expectations must not be expected to change. Hence, a rational expectation about a future random quantity must follow a pure martingale until the uncertainty is resolved. This implies that the expectation itself could be non-stationary and, in fact, is non-stationary if the increments are iid. Most asset prices are functions of expectations about future quantities, so asset prices also...