The Kyoto Protocol was negotiated in 1997 as a first substantial step in addressing the problem of global climate change. The agreement established greenhouse gas emissions targets for industrialized countries for the 2008-2012 period. Despite this initial effort, many obstacles continue to stand in the way of effective mitigation of global climate change. First, neither the Framework Conventio...

this study aimed to develop indicators for evaluating the implementation of the framework convention on tobacco control (fctc) in iran. we used the “grounded theory” framework. totally, 265 policy-makers, stakeholders, and community members were recruited by purposeful sampling in 2008. after analyzing the gathered data, 251 indicators, including 82 indicators as “applied indicators”, were deri...

the aim of this article is. evaluation of traditional knowledge (tk) protection possibility and ways under national legal system potentials in this direction, case laws,- which conventions and inter national treaties are very important party of them - provide proper capacity to protect this knowledge. among them convention of biological diversity (cbd) and convention on desertification have nec...

Editorials 870 Growing inequalities in wealth, gender and disability, as well as in other areas, constitute a grave and unconscionable affront to our common humanity. A mere decade ago, people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were suffering the consequences of gross inequity. Treatment was becoming widespread in developed countries, but in the hardest hit, developing cou...

a Convention Secretariat of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, World Health Organization, 20 avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Correspondence to: Haik Nikogosian (e-mail: [email protected]). This month marks the fifth anniversary of the entry into force of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). This Convention is unique for two...

member states of the 56th World Health Assembly unanimously adopted the first global health treaty, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). A groundbreaking treaty which aims to curb tobacco use worldwide, the FCTC holds the potential to help reverse the global tobacco epidemic, particularly in low income countries. With tobacco projected to claim a billion lives this century, 1 the...

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international response to our planet's changing climate. Serving as a means through which governments have opted to deal with the threat of global warming, the UNFCCC was adopted at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. The ultimate objective of the convention is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the UN, r a...

the first international convention on maritime transportation is thebrussels’ convention of 1924. this convention was widely acceptedthroughout the world and; thus, lasted for a long time due to the widespreadsupport of the countries possessing fleet for this convention and the lack ofexistence of a legal document in terms of maritime transportation. thepassage of time together with innovations...