a r t i c l e i n f o This paper presents a theoretical model of firm-specific productivity growth that incorporates technological knowledge by electrification and tests the model empirically. Our theoretical explanations suggest that the energy-transformation from fossil fuel to electricity by electrification could cause a decrease in the short-term level of productivity but an increase in the...

The efficiency is of paramount importance nowadays due to increasing electrical energy demand, increasing awareness of environmental problems as greenhouse effects and increasing fossil fuel prices. This paper tries to show the different results between the standards for efficiency evaluation and the necessity of harmonization worldwide. Then, it is going to be explained the different standards...

    Combustion of sulfur components of fossil fuels such as oil causes the emission of SO2 in the atmosphere and lead to the formation of acidic rain in the environment. The conventional approach for desulfurization of fossil fuels is the chemical procedure of hydrodesulfurization (HDS). However, this method has low efficiency for desulfurization of ring components of sulfur such as dibenzothio...

Santiago is one of the most polluted capitals in the world. It has been declared saturated by O3, CO, total particles in suspension and breathable particles. It is also a latent danger zone on NO2 levels. These are produced by incomplete fossil fuel combustion and a poor air renewal due to geographic characteristics. In addition, Santiago is a heavy traffic city with a poor infrastructure that ...

The European energy sector has been undergoing significant changes since the beginning of the liberalization process in the UK in 1989. In 2003 major parts of the electricity sector in Europe have been liberalized and the remaining parts will follow during the next few years. This paper focuses on the promotion of renewable energy sources as an alternative to fossil fuels when aiming at a susta...

Concerns about sustainability of fossil fuels and global warming, along with energy security, have provided a strong incentive in recent times towards research and development of carbon neutral alternatives including biofuels and biochemicals. This necessitates the development of efficient “biocatalysts” which can access wide range of products currently derived from petroleum. Current work deal...

Energy is an important fact for a country for both its socio-economic development and economic growth. Main energy source on earth is the fossil fuels. However, the usage of fossil fuels causes global warming whose negative effects have recently been felt by all over the world. Also, because it is limited on earth, increased energy demand and high energy prices increase concerns on fossil fuels...

Substitution of fossil fuels with alternative energy carriers has become necessary due to climate change and fossil fuel shortages. Fermentation as a way of producing biohydrogen, an attractive and environmentally friendly future energy carrier, has captured received increasing attention in recent years because of its high H2 production rate and a variety of readily available waste substrates u...