introduction: although formalin-induced activity in primary afferent fibers and spinal dorsal ‎horn is well described, the midbrain neural basis underlying each phase of behavior in ‎formalin test has not been clarified. the present study was designed to investigate the nucleus ‎cuneiformis (cnf)‎‏ ‏neuronal responses during two phases after subcutaneous injection of ‎formalin into the hind paw...

introduction: the role of midbrain reticular formation, which includes the nucleus cuneiformis (ncf), as a crucial antinociceptive region in descending pain modulation has long been investigated. in this study, we tried to highlight the role of ncf in morphine-induced antinociception in formalin-induced pain model in rats. methods: a total of 201 male wistar rats weighing 260-310 g were used in...

introduction: nucleus cuneiformis (ncf), as part of descending pain inhibitory system, cooperates with periaqueductal gray (pag) and rostral ventromedial medulla (rvm) in supraspinal modulation of pain. cannabinoids have analgesic effects in the pag, rvm and ncf. the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1(trpv1) can be activated by anandamide and win55,212-2 as a cannabinoid receptor ago...

Gabapentin and baclofen at doses not affecting motor performance, produced dose-dependent inhibition of both phases in the formalin test in mice. Isobolographic analysis revealed an additive interaction between the studied drugs in the second phase of the formalin test. Gabapentin given at doses effective in both phases of the formalin test significantly potentiated baclofen-induced motor impai...

The emission of ultrasonic vocalization (USV) by rats submitted to the formalin test has not yet been demonstrated. We performed two experiments to establish the formalin concentration to induce USV and the relationship of USV emission with motor behaviors and the effects of morphine and naloxone on USV during the formalin test. Male Wistar rats were used. In Experiment 1, 3 different groups of...

In this study, the antinociceptive effects of the gap junction blocker carbenoxolone and morphine were examined using the formalin test as a model of pain. We found that carbenoxolone was dose-dependently antinociceptive in both the first and second phases of the formalin test. Pretreatment with carbenoxolone increased antinociceptive effect of morphine in the first phase of formalin test. Also...

objective(s): there are many reports about the role of rostral ventromedial medulla (rvm) in modulating stress-induced analgesia (sia). in the previous study we demonstrated that temporal inactivation of rvm by lidocaine potentiated stress-induced analgesia. in this study, we investigated the effect of permanent lesion of the rvm on sia by using formalin test as a model of acute inflammatory pa...

it has been reported that neurons in the vl pag projecting to nucleus raphe magnus (nrm) utilize excitatory amino acids as neurotransmitter. this projection plays an important role in the descending pain modulatory system. in order to determine the role of this pathway in pain perception, male rats received unilateral injection of ibotenic acid stereotaxically. for lesioning vl pag, unilateral ...