In the paper we probe the possibilities of creating a Kurepa tree in a generic extension of a model of CH plus no Kurepa trees by an ω1-preserving forcing notion of size at most ω1. In the first section we show that in the Lévy model obtained by collapsing all cardinals between ω1 and a strongly inaccessible cardinal by forcing with a countable support Lévy collapsing order many ω1preserving fo...

Assuming that ORD is ! + !-Erdd os we show that if a class forcing amenable to L (an L-forcing) has a generic then it has one deenable in a set-generic extension of LO # ]. In fact we may choose such a generic to be periodic in the sense that it preserve the indiscernibility of a nal segment of a periodic subclass of the Silver indiscernibles, and therefore to be almost codable in the sense tha...

Thunderstorm-related normalized economic and insured losses in the United States east of the Rockies from the period 1970–2009 (March–September) exhibit higher peaks and greater variability in the last two decades than in the preceding two decades. To remove the bias from increasingly detected losses over time due to newly built-up locations, only large events that incurred normalized losses of...

Creating a forcing schedule A forcing schedule can be drawn up by using the previously listed cold periods. For example a forcing operation wants to have marketable pot hyacinths with flower clusters easily visible between the leaves on 7 December. If it takes one week to green up and pre-force the plants in the greenhouse, and if the cold period for that cultivar is 10 weeks, the bulbs will ha...

An Open Coloring Axiom type principle is formulated for uncountable cardinals and is shown to be a consequence of the Proper Forcing Axiom. Several applications are found. We also study dense C∗-embedded subspaces of ω∗, showing that there can be such sets of cardinality c and that it is consistent that ω∗ \ {p} is C∗-embedded for some but not all p ∈ ω∗.

By the technique of forcing, some new independence results are proved for the alternative set theory (AST) and similar weak theories: The scheme of choice is independent both of AST and of second order arithmetic, axiom of constructibility is independent of AST plus schemes of choice.

Destabilising a biological system through periodic or stochastic forcing can lead to significant changes in system behaviour. Forcing can bring about coexistence when previously there was exclusion; it can excite massive system response through resonance, it can offset the negative effect of apparent competition and it can change the conditions under which the system can be invaded. Our main fo...

Biological responses to basin-scale climate forcing in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean are assessed based on temporal variations in plankton community structure observed at Station ALOHA and results of a coupled physical–biogeochemical model. Observational data and model simulations for the period 1990–2004 reveal distinct temporal patterns, with significant increases in net primary product...

[1] We utilize energy budget diagnostics from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) to evaluate the models’ climate forcing since preindustrial times employing an established regression technique. The climate forcing evaluated this way, termed the adjusted forcing (AF), includes a rapid adjustment term associated with cloud changes and other tropospheric and land-surface cha...