We report on the generation of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a gas of chromium atoms, which have an exceptionally large magnetic dipole moment and therefore underlie anisotropic long-range interactions. The preparation of the chromium condensate requires novel cooling strategies that are adapted to its special electronic and magnetic properties. The final step to reach quantum degeneracy is for...

This paper describes the electro-thermal design of a medium voltage modular multilevel converter prototype, from the submodule power semiconductor thermal requirements to the overall system level integration. The high number of semiconductors and capacitors involved are stressed differently depending on the actual operating conditions, as discussed in the paper. The presented design considers a...

An alternative method of rapid-cycle PCR for DNA amplification is demonstrated using electrolyte resistance for heating and temperature monitoring. The PCR amplification solution is electrically conductive and can be heated by passing an alternating current through the sample. The temperature of the solution is evaluated by monitoring its electrical resistance. Cooling is accomplished by forced...

s of papers 21 As the linear relationships between Tb and the respiratory parameters were unaltered by air movement it is proposed that the beneficial effects of this forced ventilation regime are through direct convective cooling and a reduction in deep body temperature. Convective cooling thus reduces the requirement for respiratory evaporation and therefore improves water conservation in add...