By using the data of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) observation from Crustal Movement Observation Network China (CMONOC), ionospheric electron density (IED) distributions reconstructed by computerized tomography (CIT) technique are used to investigate storm effects over Wuhan region during 17 March and 22 June 2015 geomagnetic periods. F-region critical frequency (foF2) at ionosonde ...

In this paper we analyze Digisonde observations obtained in the European region to specify effects of large-scale travelling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) on characteristics that define conditions bottomside ionosphere. While type affects all frequency ranges F region, most pronounced effect is detected foF2 critical frequency, where density highest. During LSTID activity, a significant upl...

Method: For this purpose, foF2 data from four Antarctic stations were analyzed during three intense magnetic storms occurred in high solar activity (years 2002 and 2003). In general, negative storm effects irrespective of the local time were observed during the first part of the storms (main phase). Negative effects were also observed more often than positive effects during the first part of th...

8 Long-term variability has previously been observed in the relative magnitude of annual and 9 semi-annual variations in the critical frequency (related to the peak electron concentration) of 10 the ionospheric F2 layer (foF2). In this paper we investigate the global patterns in such 11 variability by calculating the time varying power ratio of semi-annual to annual components 12 seen in ionosp...

Prenatal growth restraint, if followed by postnatal overweight, confers risk for adult disease including diabetes. The mechanisms whereby neonatal nutrition may modulate such risk are poorly understood. We studied the effects of nutrition (breast-feeding [BRF] vs. formula-feeding [FOF]) on weight partitioning and endocrine state (as judged by high-molecular-weight [HMW] adiponectin and IGF-I) o...

Continuous observations in the ionospheric E and F regions have been regularly carried out since the ®fties of this century at many ionosonde stations. Using these data from 31 European stations long-term trends have been derived for di€erent parameters of the ionospheric E layer (h¢ E, foE), F1 layer (foF1) and F2 layer (hmF2, foF2). The detected trends in the E and F1 layers (lowering of the ...

8 Long-term variability has previously been observed in the relative magnitude of annual and 9 semi-annual variations in the critical frequency (related to the peak electron concentration) of 10 the ionospheric F2 layer (foF2). In this paper we investigate the global patterns in such 11 variability by calculating the time varying power ratio of semi-annual to annual components 12 seen in ionosp...