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introduction: electroporation is a practical technique used to transport the molecules across the cell membrane. the utilization of fluorescent molecules is the method widely used to evaluate the electropermeability of cell membrane as a result of pulse application. it is also possible to use mathematical methods to predict the changes caused in cell electropermeability as a result of the chang...

A rapid and reproducible method to determine botanical composition of forage is an ecological and economic goal for range animal ecologists. Multidimensional fluorometry previously demonstrated the possibility of a unique optical approach for accurately determining species composition of clipped and digested plant materials. Fluorometry may be used to detect toxic plants in standing crop as wel...

The purpose of this study was to measure metabolic changes in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) placed in osteogenic medium by autofluorescence spectroscopy. MSCs were plated in stem cell-supporting or osteogenic medium and imaged. Shift from the basic growth environment to the inductive osteogenic environment was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Reduced pyridine nucleo...

We investigate the performance of confocal pH imaging when using phase fluorometry and fluorophores with pH-dependent lifetimes. In these experiments, the specimen is illuminated by a laser beam, whose intensity is sinusoidally modulated. The lifetime-dependent phase shift in the fluorescent signal is detected by a lock-in amplifier, and converted into a pH value through a calibration procedure...

A new gated form of phase fluorometry for measuring lifetimes is presented. The technique uses a square-wave excitation and gates the detector on only during the off period of the excitation. Using a long-lived sample, this eliminates or reduces errors from scattered light and short-lived fluorescences. Using a square-wave modulated excitation source with a 50% duty cycle, traditional data trea...