one may daresay that the foremost issue and problem in translation is to observe “translation equivalence principle” so that the translated text to be the equivalent and all-out mirror against the original text. to obtain this goal, it is perfectly necessary to pay attention to semantic different layers, ranged from referential meaning to empirical, interactive, implicit, meanings, semantic uni...

This study mainly concentrates on metallurgical structure of the ferrous ancient crafts, specially the discovered ferrous man-made pieces in Ilam which are aged more than 3000 years. The pieces were discovered in Ize a town located in the south east of Ahvaz , in the southern of Iran. The crafts include an ferrous bar, a 3-side and a 4 side bayonets which were microscopically studied by Electro...