This paper presents a model of two countries competing for a pool of students from the rest of the world (ROW). In equilibrium, one country offers high educational quality for high tuition fees, while the other country provides a low quality and charges low fees. The quality in the high quality country, the tuition fees, and the quality and tuition fee differential between the countries increas...

Developed countries increasingly compete for a pool of talented students from developing countries. This competition brings host countries to vertically differentiate their education programmes: some countries offer higher education quality and charge high tuition fees, while others provide a lower quality for lower tuition fees. This paper argues that the education quality of high-quality coun...

This paper develops a general model of physician behavior with demand inducement encompassing the two benchmark cases of profit maximization and target-income behavior. It is shown that when income effects are absent, physicians maximize profits, and when income effects are very strong, physicians seek a target income. The model is used to derive own and cross-price expressions for the response...

BACKGROUND Since the advent of health user fees in low- and middle-income countries in the 1980s, the discourse of global health actors (GHAs) has changed to the disadvantage of this type of healthcare financing mechanism. The aim of the study was to identify and analyze the stance of GHAs in the debate on user fees. METHODS We conducted documentary research using public documents published b...

Mutual fund providers serve two principals with opposing interests: their owners, who want them to maximize profits, and their fund shareholders, who want them to maximize fund returns. I investigate what role is played by customer power and information, as well as by competition among fund providers in influencing the balance of power between these two opposing principals. Using a data set of ...

OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of user charges on the uptake of health services in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS A systematic search of 25 social science, economics and health literature databases and other sources was performed to identify and appraise studies on the effects of introducing, removing, increasing or reducing user charges on the uptake of various health services in...

BACKGROUND Advances in pharmaceuticals offer improved health outcomes for a wide range of illnesses, yet medicines are often inaccessible for many patients worldwide. One potential barrier to making medicines available to all is the cost of product registration, the fees for regulatory review and licensing for the sale of medicines beyond the cost of clinical trials, if needed. METHODS AND FI...

Thirty-five to 45 percent of low-income American households do not possess a bank account. This statistic coupled with claims of price gouging by check cashers has prompted government intervention. Ifind that state legislation requiring banks to offer low-cost accounts slightly decreases the number of low-income minority unbanked households, but only with a substantial lag. Caps on check-cashin...

Variation in school attributes, proximity, and fees across neighborhoods is used to identify factors which affect whether poor households send their children to government school, private school, or no school. Analysis shows that even the poorest households use private schools extensively, and that utilization increases with income. Lowering private school fees or distance or raising measured q...