The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of crude protein (CP) content starter feed and wheat straw (WS) processing on growth performance, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, behavior Holstein calves. Sixty calves (28 male 32 female) were randomly assigned 1 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments 2 × factorial arrangement (1) lower-CP ground mixed with...

introduction many herbal products (herbs and essential oils) are currently used as feed additives by the feed industry in the european :union: and elsewhere. these phytogenic substances which increase feed aroma or palatability of feeds are classified as sensory additives by european council. however, several publications show that some essential oils may have beneficial effects on animal perfo...

the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of citrus limon essential oil on nutrient digestibility, blood and ruminal metabolites in male holstein calves. this study were conducted using four male holstein calves, each fitted with a permanent rumen cannula (average body weight 650±20 kg) that received experimental diets including control with 600, 800 and 1000 mg/d le...

To evaluate the effects of feeding four different levels of starter in male Holstein dairy calves, a completely randomized study was conducted, using 28 calves with initial body weight of 40.5±2.4 kg. The animals were fed iso-nitrogenous starter and were weaned when they consumed 350, 500, 650 and 800 g/d of starter for 3 d consecutively. Starter and water were available ad-libitum throughout t...

in order to study of effects of sodium bicarbonate on lameness occurrence and the performance of feedlot cattle, 100 holstein bull calves (251.75 ± 5.75) were used in a completely randomized design. calves were group fed a similar basal diet during 42 days experimental period. used treatments included 1) control treatment without feed additive, and 2) experimental diet that calves consumed 50 g...

Megasphaera elsdenii converts lactate and glucose into butyrate, the main volatile fatty acid responsible of papillae development and may benefit calf performance. Twenty-six Holstein calves (BW = 34.5 ± 1.65 kg) were randomly assigned at birth to a control group (Meg0) and a group that received an oral dose of M. elsdenii NCIMB 41125 at 14 d of age (Meg14). Calves received colostrum for the fi...

Milk intake data were collected at 4-week intervals from Belgian Blue double-muscled (BBDM) suckling calves up to 16 weeks after birth. Dams were fed at 100%, 90%, 80% or 70% of their energy requirements during a 140-day indoor period from the beginning of December to the end of April (restriction period). Afterwards, cows were turned out on pasture (re-alimentation period). Mean calving date w...

this experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding alfalfa hay and starter fiber level on feed intake and performance of holstein dairy calves, using thirty two male calves in a completely randomized design assigned to four diets in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. the experimental treatments were as follow: t1: starter with low fiber and without alfalfa hay, t2: starter with low fibe...