11 Many authors have discussed an apparent shift to a new employment contract characterized 12 by less commitment between employer and employee, and closer ties between wages within the 13 enterprise and those in the external labor market. We study the issue of when people in the US 14 and Canada feel pay cuts are fair. In contrast to much previous discussion, we find no evidence 15 of increasi...

Plant breeders’ rights (PBRs) are an important IP right, and as plant breeding has a crucial role to play in sustainability, it is vital that innovations receive the appropriate innovation incentives. The full exemption ensures there always free access variety protected by PBR for developing new varieties. price pay this holders cannot prevent third parties from taking advantage of their effort...

this study will provide detailed specification of those variables and determinants of unpredictable health expenditure in iran, and the requirements to reduce extensive effects of the factors affecting households' payments for health and other goods and services inappropriately.this study aims to identify measures of fair financing of health services and determinants of fair financing contribut...

the new competitive environment changes the paradigm of power system operation. in the transmission area, open access process provides fair accessibility for all market participants. congestion management is one of the most important side effects of this new process. this paper proposes a new approach for congestion management which is based on both active and reactive re-dispatch of the networ...