OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with age of smoking initiation and distinguish vulnerable periods for initiation according to those factors. METHOD Discrete time hazards analysis was used to model smoking initiation as a function of age (5-23), demographic and familial influence variables (measured at age 13), and their interactions in a cohort of 6255 youths who completed six assess...

OBJECTIVES To (1) identify the temporal order between oral and vaginal sex onset; (2) test whether oral sex or vaginal sex is a risk or protective factor for the other; and (3) determine whether the relationship between oral and vaginal sex varies across time. DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal study with 6-month assessments conducted between 2002 and 2005. SETTING Self-administered surveys c...

Bullying is a relationship problem in which power and aggression are used to cause distress to a vulnerable person. To assess and address bullying and victimization, we need to understand the nature of the problem, how the problem changes with age and differs for boys and girls, the relevant risk factors (those individual or environmental indicators that may lead to bullying and victimization),...

Address reprint requests to Dr. Richard N. Bergman, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif. 90033. Received for publication 28 November 1980 and in revised form 17 August 1981. 1456 product ofsecond-phase ,-cell responsivity and insulin sensitivity (b2-SI). Thus, these two factors were primarily responsible for overall d...

Hypermedia-based learning is currently a popular instructional delivery system. However, the last decade relevant literature has maintained that most educational software does not meet its promise. One of the reasons for the lack of educational software of high quality is that educational research cannot keep pace with the advances of technology and as a result existing evaluation methods are o...

The present research examines how making discrimination salient influences stigmatized group members’ evaluations of other stigmatized groups. Specifically, three studies examine how salient sexism affects women’s attitudes toward racial minorities. White women primed with sexism expressed more pro-White (relative to Black and Latino) self-report (Studies 1 and 3) and automatic (Study 2) interg...

We analyzed one decade of data collected by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), including the mathematics and reading performance of nearly 1.5 million 15 year olds in 75 countries. Across nations, boys scored higher than girls in mathematics, but lower than girls in reading. The sex difference in reading was three times as large as in mathematics. There was considerable ...

this study aims to evaluation of knowledge management processes including knowledge generation & acquisition, saving & organizing, dissemination & sharing and application in the public sector especially in police through a case study based investigation and identifies factors affecting for improvement them. the evaluation was examined through 423 questionnaires provided by in different police u...

Background: The purpose of this study was to identify differences and similarities in teachers' and students’ viewpoints about the factors affecting this evaluation.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 70 teachers and 148 students (34.86 % females and 65.13 males) of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were selected by convenience sampling. Data were...