Virulence plasmids of 68 ETEC isolates from piglets belonging to different pathotypes and six ETEC isolates from calves with pathotypes typical of porcine ETEC were identified with seven virulence probes for the heat-stable (STa and STb) and heat-labile (LT) enterotoxins, for the F4, F5, F6, and F41 fimbrial adhesion subunit, and also with five Rep probes for the RepFIA and RepFIB basic replico...

We study fiscal rules using a sovereign default model. A debt-brake (spread-brake) rule imposes ceiling on the deficit when debt (spread) is above threshold. For our benchmark calibration, similar gains can be achieved with optimal or spread brake. However, for “Union” of heterogeneous economies, common brake generates larger than Furthermore, from abandoning may significant economies that are ...

BACKGROUND Post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD), due to Escherichia coli, is an important cause of economic losses to the pig industry primarily as a result of mortality and worsened productive performance. In spite of its relevance, recent data about the prevalence of virulence genes and pathotypes among E. coli isolates recovered from cases of PWD in Europe are scarce. RESULTS This study investigat...

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) produces different virulence factors allowing the bacterium to colonize and develop watery diarrhea. Proteomics studies have also introduced new protein belonging to the secretion pathways, antigen 43 (Ag43), which plays important role in E. coli pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate O-types and virulence factors o...

Abstract Background In addition to rotavirus and norovirus, human adenovirus (HAdV) classic astrovirus (classic HAstV) are important pathogens of acute diarrhea in infants young children. Here, we present the molecular epidemiology HAdV HAstV children with Shanghai. Methods Fecal specimens were collected from 804 outpatient diagnosed Shanghai January 2017 December 2018. All samples screened for...

Since the International Health Regulations National Focal Point for United Kingdom alerted WHO of ten cases acute severe hepatitis unknown etiology in children on April 5, 2022, relevant have been reported worldwide. These patients had (negative viruses A–E) and elevated aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminase (ALT) exceeding 500 U/L. Furthermore, respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS...

Sovereign debt crises involve restructurings characterized by a mix of face value haircuts and maturity extensions. The prevalence extensions has been hard to reconcile with economic theory. We develop model endogenous restructuring that captures key facts sovereign episodes. While dilution pushes for negative extensions, three factors are important in overcoming the effects generating upon res...

Animal diseases due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) typically appear as severe watery diarrhoea during the first few days of life (also a few days after weaning in pigs). ETEC adhere to the small intestinal microvilli without inducing morphological lesions and produce enterotoxins acting locally on enterocytes. This action results in the hypersecretion (of water and electrolytes) and...

What has been the effect of the shift in emerging market capital flows toward private sector borrowers? Are emerging markets capital flows more efficient? If not, can controls on capital flows improve welfare? This paper studies these questions in a world with two forms of default risk. When private loans are enforceable, but there is the risk of national default, constrained efficient capital ...

In this paper the optimal choice of a monetary target is investigated for a small open economy that is subject to foreign monetary policy shocks. In contrast to large parts of the literature, pegging the exchange rate is never the best policy choice for the small open economy in our model. Instead, monetary targeting and, depending on the parameter combination, producer price index targeting co...