We synthesize and review retrospective analyses of federal air quality regulations to examine the contributions Clean Air Act (CAA) vast improvements seen since 1970. Geographic heterogeneity in stringency affects emissions, public health, compliance costs, employment. Cap-and-trade has delivered greater emission reductions at lower cost than conventional mandates, yet fallen short textbook ide...

We examine the introduction of automatic air pollution monitoring to counter suspected tampering at local level, a central feature China’s “war on pollution.” Exploiting 654 regression discontinuity designs based city-level variation in day that was automated, we find an immediate and lasting increase 35 percent reported PM 10 concentrations post-automation. Moreover, automation’s increased onl...

Leaded gasoline is still used globally for aviation and automotive racing. Exploiting regulatory exemptions a novel quasi-experiment, we find that leaded use in racing increases ambient lead, elevated blood lead rates, elderly mortality. The mortality estimates indicate each gram of added to exceeds $1,100 damages. Our setting allows us rule out potential confounders, such as correlated polluta...

(3) (δh[f ])(x) = (∇h 2 [f ])(x)− (∇−h2 [f ])(x). (4) (~ ∆h[r f1 + f2])(n+ 1)(x) = r · (~ ∆h[f1])(n+ 1)(x) + (~ ∆h[f2])(n+ 1)(x). (5) (~ ∆h[f1 + r f2])(n+ 1)(x) = (~ ∆h[f1])(n+ 1)(x) + r · (~ ∆h[f2])(n+ 1)(x). (6) (~ ∆h[r1 f1 − r2 f2])(n+ 1)(x) = r1 · (~ ∆h[f1])(n+ 1)(x)− r2 · (~ ∆h[f2])(n+ 1)(x). (7) (~ ∆h[f ])(1) = ∆h[f ]. (8) (~ ∇h[r f1 + f2])(n+ 1)(x) = r · (~ ∇h[f1])(n+ 1)(x) + (~ ∇h[f2])(...

We estimate hurdle rates for firms’ investments in pollution abatement technology, using ex post data. The method is based on a structural option value model where the future price of polluting fuel is the major source of uncertainty facing the firm. The empirical procedure is illustrated using a panel of firms from the Swedish pulp and paper industry, and the energy and heating sector, and the...

This article uses theory and experiments to investigate voluntary-threat approaches for regulating nonpoint source water pollution. The policies allow a group of polluters to voluntarily meet a pollution standard, under threat of a mandatory tax policy to be implemented in the case of noncompliance. Building upon recent work by Segerson and Wu (2006), who propose what we label an “exogenous” vo...

1 Belian categories 3 1.1 Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 Diagram chase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3 Snake Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4 Delta functors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

There is a contrast between the two sets of functional equations f0(x + y) = f0(x)f0(y) + f1(x)f1(y), f1(x + y) = f1(x)f0(y) + f0(x)f1(y), and f0(x − y) = f0(x)f0(y)− f1(x)f1(y), f1(x − y) = f1(x)f0(y)− f0(x)f1(y) satisfied by the even and odd components of a solution of f(x + y) = f(x)f(y). J. Schwaiger and, later, W. Förg-Rob and J. Schwaiger considered the extension of these ideas to the cas...