During the Cold War the United States developed an espionage style that reflected its love affair with technology (technophilia) whereas the Soviet Union and the East Bloc continued a tradition of using humans to collect intelligence. This essay places the origins and development of these espionage styles during the Cold War in historical and social context, and assesses their strengths and wea...

This article argues that the history of geography should be written from an externalist perspective; that is, its history should be directly related to the larger historical context in which it is embedded. My example is American human geography during the early Cold War period. The argument is that as a result of America’s experience during the Second World War, the USA mobilised its academy t...

with the expression of the modernization theory as the dominant paradigmof development during the 1950s, approaches towards development were extracted from this paradigm. but with the birth of the attachment school ofthought, the modernization theory was scrutinized. for latin american countries  however,  the  attachment  school  of  thought  was  considered  amarxist ideology up until the end...