Recent progress in cosmic ray physics covering the energy range from about 10 eV to 10 eV is reviewed. The most prominent features of the energy spectrum are the so called ‘knee’ at E ≃ 3 · 10 eV and the ‘ankle’ at few 10 eV. Generally, the origin of the knee is understood as marking the limiting energy of galactic accelerators and/or the onset of increasing outflow of particles from the galaxy...

Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) causes hand, foot and mouth disease in young children and infants, but can also cause severe neurological complications or even death. The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase R (PKR), an interferon-induced antiviral protein, phosphorylates the regulatory α-subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 in response to viral infection, thereby b...

Most circulating strains of Human enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) have been classified primarily into three genogroups (A to C) on the basis of genetic divergence between the 1D gene, which encodes the VP1 capsid protein. The aim of the present study was to provide further insights into the diversity of the EV-A71 genogroups following the recent description of highly divergent isolates, in particular t...

Salmonella enterica subspecies 1 serovar Typhimurium is an enteric bacterial pathogen infecting a broad range of hosts. In susceptible Nramp1(-/-) (Slc11alpha1(-/-)) mice, serovar Typhimurium cannot efficiently colonize the intestine but causes a systemic typhoid-like infection. However, after pretreatment with streptomycin, these susceptible (C57BL/6 and BALB/c) mice develop acute serovar Typh...

The technique and the results of microsurgical vasectomy reversal in a single-centre study over 18 years are presented. Both vasovasostomy (VV) and epididymovasostomy (EV) were carried out in a three-layer technique. With strict adherence to the strategy, end-to-end VV was only performed if spermatozoa had been demonstrated at the epididymal stump of the vas. In all other cases, EV was carried ...

The hand, foot and mouth disease is caused by a group of Enteroviruses such as Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and Coxsackievirus CV-A5, CV-A8, and CV-A16. Mild symptoms of EV-A71 infection in children range from high fever, vomiting, rashes and ulcers in mouth but can produce more severe symptoms such as brainstem and cerebellar encephalitis, leading up to cardiopulmonary failure and death. The lack o...

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has been one of the most common infectious diseases in Shijiazhuang City, as is the situation in China overall. In the National HFMD surveillance system, the pathogen detection was focused on EV-A71 and CVA16, and therefore, information on the other EVs is very limited. In order to identify the circulating EV serotypes in the HFMD outbreaks in Shijiazhuang C...

Variation in resource supply can cause variation in temperature dependences of metabolic processes (e.g., photosynthesis and respiration). Understanding such divergence is particularly important when using metabolic theory to predict ecosystem responses to climate warming. Few studies, however, have assessed the effect of temperature-resource interactions on metabolic processes, particularly in...

Emerging evidence that Enterovirus A 71 (EV-A71) infection closely related to apoptosis. The ZVAD is a caspase inhibitor can prevent aims of this project were evaluate the mechanism inhibited EV-A71 virus and provide experiment basis for finding new antiviral drugs. In study, after treated with in infected Vero cells, viral replication was reduced, cell viability higher than group. Additionally...