The plant hormone ethylene regulates a wide range of developmental processes and the response of plants to stress and pathogens. Genetic studies in Arabidopsis led to a partial elucidation of the mechanisms of ethylene action. Ethylene signal transduction initiates with ethylene binding at a family of ethylene receptors and terminates in a transcription cascade involving the EIN3/EIL and ERF fa...

Isolated albedo tissue of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marcovitch, cv. Owari) fruit produced a large quantity of ethylene during incubation at 26 C in the dark. When sliced, albedo tissue began producing ethylene at an increasing rate until a maximum was reached after incubation for about 30 hours. Aged albedo discs which were capable of producing ethylene, actively converted l-[U-(14)C]meth...

We screened for mutations that either enhanced or suppressed the abscisic acid (ABA)-resistant seed germination phenotype of the Arabidopsis abi1-1 mutant. Alleles of the constitutive ethylene response mutant ctr1 and ethylene-insensitive mutant ein2 were recovered as enhancer and suppressor mutations, respectively. Using these and other ethylene response mutants, we showed that the ethylene si...

Although intact fruits of unripe cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) produce very little ethylene, a massive increase in ethylene production occurred in response to excision. The evidence indicates that this wound ethylene is produced from methionine via 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACC) as in ripening fruits. Excision induced an increase in both ACC synthase and the enzyme converting ACC to et...

It is well known that ethylene regulates a diverse set of developmental and stress-related processes in angiosperms, yet its roles in early-diverging embryophytes and algae are poorly understood. Recently, it was shown that ethylene functions as a hormone in the charophyte green alga Spirogyra pratensis Since land plants evolved from charophytes, this implies conservation of ethylene as a hormo...

To investigate the regulatory mechanism(s) of ethylene biosynthesis in fruit, transgenic tomatoes with all known LeEIL genes suppressed were produced by RNA interference engineering. The transgenic tomato exhibited ethylene insensitivity phenotypes such as non-ripening and the lack of the triple response and petiole epinasty of seedlings even in the presence of exogenous ethylene. Transgenic fr...

The inhibitory effects of the cyclic olefin 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD) on ethylene action were tested in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv White Sim) flowers. Treatment of flowers at anthesis with ethylene in the presence of 500 microliters per liter NBD increased the concentration of ethylene required to elicit a response (petal senescence), indicating that NBD behaves as a competitive inhib...

The main object of this study is to investigate the effect of plant growth regulators on the prolongation of vase life of two kinds of cut carnation under normal and ethylene. Carnation is one of the most popular flowers that has a short life due to its sensitivity to ethylene. Also, the effect of plant growth regulators on several physiological traits under ethylene stress and normal condition...

Ethylene can only induce senescence in leaves that have reached a defined age. Thus, ethylene-induced senescence depends on age-related changes (ARCs) of individual leaves. The relationship between ethylene and age in the induction of leaf senescence was tested in Arabidopsis Ler-0, Col-0, and Ws-0 accessions as well as in eight old (onset of leaf death) mutants, isolated from the Ler-0 backgro...

Ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) have a complicated interplay in many developmental processes. Their interaction in rice is largely unclear. Here, we characterized a rice ethylene-response mutant mhz4, which exhibited reduced ethylene-response in roots but enhanced ethylene-response in coleoptiles of etiolated seedlings. MHZ4 was identified through map-based cloning and encoded a chloroplast-lo...