the greenhouse whitefly, trialeurodes vaporariorum westwood (hem.: aleyrodidae) is a polyphagous and key pest that causes damaging to wide range of crops. the parasitoid wasp, eretmocerus delhiensis mani (hym.: aphelinidae) is a syn-ovigenic and thelytokous species that parasitizing greenhouse whitefly nymphs. in order to evaluation parasitoid wasp, eretmocerus delhiensis mani (hym.: aphelinida...

Abstract Whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) cause high economic losses in agricultural systems worldwide. Heavy reliance on insecticide use for whitefly control has led to the resistance development towards nearly all used groups of insecticides. A more sustainable, widely used, and irreplaceable measure protected cropping is biological by augmentative release parasitoids. All commercially available para...

Studies were conducted to compare preference among Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, biotype B instars for parasitization by Eretmocerus mundus Mercet and Encarsia pergandiella Howard when provided one instar only, two different instars, and four different instars simultaneously. In the single-instar no choice treatment, Er. mundus was more successful in parasitizing the younger host instars, while En....

Two natural enemy species are frequently released simultaneously to control one pest species in augmentative biological control in greenhouses. Intraguild predation (IGP) and interspecific competition between natural enemies might affect the biological control. IGP occurs between two parasitoids, between one parasitoid and one predator, and between two predators. Although unidirectional IGP has...

BACKGROUND Arthropod biological control agents (BCAs) are commonly released for greenhouse vegetable insect pest management. Nevertheless, chemicals remain a necessary control tactic for certain insect pests and diseases and they can have negative impacts on BCAs. The compatibility of some formulated reduced risk insecticides (abamectin, metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole) and fungicides (my...