Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an emerging pathogen of equids and humans, but infection of its rodent reservoir hosts has received little study. To determine whether responses to infection vary among geographic populations, we inoculated 3 populations of cotton rats with 2 enzootic VEEV strains (Co97-0054 [enzootic ID subtype] and 68U201 [enzootic IE subtype]). The 3 populations...

Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest the lensing black holes arising from general as well other modified theories gravity due to experimental data available Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) results. The EHT may open new door indicating possible existence rotating hole solutions in strong field regime. With this motivation, we investigate present paper equatorial $(\ensuremath{\theta}=\e...

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) is reemerging in Peru. VEE virus subtype ID in Peru has not been previously associated with severe disease manifestations. In 2006, VEE virus subtype ID was isolated from a boy with severe febrile disease and gastrointestinal bleeding; the strain contained 2 mutations within the PE2 region.

One of the most important questions in arbovirology concerns the origin of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses; these viruses caused periodic, extensive epidemics/epizootics in the Americas from 1938-1973 (reaching the United States in 1971) but had recently been presumed extinct. We have documented the 1992 emergence of a new epidemic/epizootic VEE virus in Venezuela. Phyloge...

An epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the rapid differentiation of serologic responses to enzootic variety IE and ID versus epizootic variety IAB and IC strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus. Two monoclonal antibodies that differentially recognize epizootic versus enzootic VEE virus epitopes were used to measure the serotype-specific blocking ab...

The accumulation and infiltration of mast cells are found in osteoarthritic lesions in humans and rodents. Nonetheless, the roles of mast cells in osteoarthritis are almost unknown. Although Viscum coloratum has various beneficial actions, its effect on allergic and osteoarthritic responses is unknown. In this study, we established an in vitro model of mast cell-mediated osteoarthritis and inve...

In this paper, we study the root distributions of Ehrhart polynomials free sums certain reflexive polytopes. We investigate cases where roots $A_d^\vee$'s or $A_d$'s lie on canonical line $\mathrm{Re}(z)=-\frac{1}{2}$ complex plane $\mathbb{C}$, $A_d$ denotes polytope type A dimension $d$ and $A_d^\vee$ its polar dual. For example, it is proved that $A_m^\vee \oplus A_n^\vee$ with $\min\{m,n\} ...

We demonstrated that Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus replicated in and adapted rapidly to human diploid cell strain WI-38. Peak titers of approximately 10(9.8) mouse intracerebral 50% lethal doses were obtained at low passage levels in Eagles basal medium supplemented with calf serum. VEE virus replicated poorly in serum-free medium. Propagation of VEE virus was accompanied by t...

Assume that $${\mathbb {F}}$$ is an algebraically closed field and let q denote a nonzero scalar in not root of unity. The universal Askey–Wilson algebra $$\triangle _q$$ unital associative -algebra defined by generators relations. are A, B, C the relations state each $$\begin{aligned} A+\frac{q BC-q^{-1} CB}{q^2-q^{-2}}, \qquad B+\frac{q CA-q^{-1} AC}{q^2-q^{-2}}, C+\frac{q AB-q^{-1} BA}{q^2-q...