Our previous experiments have shown that adult male Wistar rats can differ systematically in elevated plus-maze (EPM) behaviour, which was related to the neurotransmitter serotonin in the ventral striatum. The EPM serves as a model of anxiety-like behaviour, and there is evidence that interleukin (IL)-2 in the brain may be related to anxiety-like behaviour, and that IL-2 interacts with the stri...

Rapid correction of hyponatremia is known to cause central pontine myelinolysis (CPM). It may concurrently involve other areas of brain as well, referred as extra-pontine myelinolysis (EPM). Isolated EPM however is a very rare occurrence. We present a case of EPM where the hyponatremia was secondary to hypothyroidism due to empty sella syndrome. Chronic hyponatremia should always be corrected s...

WHY TEST?  EPM is a neurological disease of the Americas. It is most commonly caused by the parasite Sarcocystis neurona and more rarely by Neospora hughesi.  The standard of practice for diagnosis is to perform a complete neurological exam, accompanied by laboratory tests that detect an immunological response to infection.  Testing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), with a paired serum, is more ...

PURPOSE To report the development of estrapontine myelinolysis (EPM) in a patient with adrenal insufficiency and review similar in the literature. CASE REPORT A 49-year-old female with insufficiency presented with acute dysarthria, stuttering, and parkinsonism. She received isotonic saline hydration for adrenal crisis and hyponatremia 18 days before the onset of symtoms. The brain MRI and MRS...

PURPOSE To provide a synthesis of the highest-quality literature available comparing early passive motion (EPM) with strict sling immobilization during the first 4 to 6 weeks after surgery. METHODS The Medline, Cochrane, and Embase databases were searched for eligible studies. We reviewed 886 citations, and 5 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) (Level II) met the inclusion criteria for meta-ana...

Electronic performance monitoring (EPM) technologies are widely used by organizations, but research has shown that workers feel EPM is unacceptable when it violates their needs for autonomy and transparency. These negative consequences of have the potential to contribute broader issues workplace inequality, such more vulnerable disproportionately affected. Reasoning about how worker status may ...

BACKGROUND The Taiwan CDC relied on the historical average number of disease cases or rate (AVG) to depict the trend of epidemic diseases in Taiwan. By comparing the historical average data with prediction markets, we show that the latter have a better prediction capability than the former. Given the volatility of the infectious diseases in Taiwan, historical average is unlikely to be an effect...

The elevated plus-maze (EPM) test is one of the most commonly used behavioral assays to evaluate anxiety-related behavior in rodents. It is an economic test (5 min duration) without prior conditioning of the animals. The critical measure for anxiety is the time spent in the open arms of the maze. A confounding problem of the EPM is the so called one-trial tolerance (OTT), characterized by a mar...

We have shown previously that epimorphin (EPM), a protein expressed on the surface of myoepithelial and fibroblast cells of the mammary gland, acts as a multifunctional morphogen of mammary epithelial cells. Here, we present the molecular mechanism by which EPM mediates luminal morphogenesis. Treatment of cells with EPM to induce lumen formation greatly increases the overall expression of trans...

Studies have shown an increased open arm avoidance in rats re-exposed to the elevated plus-maze (EPM), which suggests a qualitative shift in emotional states from an unconditioned (Trial 1) to a learned (Trial 2) form of fear response, but a precise source of aversion has not been determined. Using rats submitted to the EPM or various EPM-derived configurations, this study was designed to inves...