A difficulty in using diffusion models to predict large scale animal population dispersal is that individuals move differently based on local information (as opposed to gradients) in differing habitat types. This can be accommodated by using ecological diffusion. However, real environments are often spatially complex, limiting application of a direct approach. Homogenization for partial differe...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Currently, feeding the ICU patient is highly discussed. Energy feeding has been the topic of randomized studies, but protein feeding has not. Study results are contradictory on early feeding; however, little is known about early protein requirement. What is this protein requirement based on, therefore what are the fundamental determinants? RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have...

Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with an increased death risk from cardiovascular diseases. However, while even minor renal dysfunction is an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular prognosis, PEW becomes clinically manifest at an advanced stage, early before or during the dialytic stage. Mechanisms causing loss of mu...

Glucocorticoids are highly conserved fundamental regulators of energy homeostasis. In response to stress in the form of perceived danger or acute inflammation, glucocorticoids are released from the adrenal gland, rapidly mobilizing energy from carbohydrate, fat and protein stores. In the case of inflammation, mobilized protein is critical for the rapid synthesis of acute phase reactants and an ...

Protein energy wasting is frequently observed in patients with advanced chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. Anorexia and reduced food intake are critical contributing factors and negatively impact on patients' survival. Ghrelin is a prophagic peptide produced by the stomach and acting at the hypothalamic level to increase the activity of orexigenic neurons. In patients with chron...

In this paper, a new guidance method for surface to surface ballistic missiles without mandatory engine cut-off will be presented. The complexity of solid fuel engine cut-off demands a comprehensive method for guiding these missiles. In the method presented in this paper, a certain guidance law is applied such that by transmitting appropriate commands to the control system, by changing the miss...

PROTEIN ENERGY WASTING and its extreme form, cachexia, is common among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This maladaptive metabolic state is fueled by inflammation and is characterized by anorexia, increased energy expenditure, ineffective utilization of nutrients, and augmented protein catabolism leading to loss of lean body mass. At the core of the regulation of energy balance is th...