This study developed an upgrading process focusing on acid transformations of water phase pyrolysis bio-oils to esters of oxygen-containing fuels via ZSM−5 catalyst. Temperature was set as a factor with five levels ranging from 60 to 135 °C with reaction time from 1 to 8 h. The results showed that 89% of high acid conversion and over 90% of ester selectivity was obtained from the feedstock via ...

The isomerization reactions of HOOX --> HOXO --> HXO2 (X = Cl, Br, I) have been studied by using the density functional theory. The breakage and formation of the chemical bonds of the titled reactions have been discussed by the topological analysis method of electronic density. The calculated results show that there is a transitional structure of a three-membered ring on each of the isomerizati...

Le Chatelier's principle states that when a system is disturbed, it will shift its equilibrium to counteract the disturbance. However for a chemical reaction in a small, confined system, the probability of observing it proceed in the opposite direction to that predicted by Le Chatelier's principle, can be significant. This work gives a molecular level proof of Le Chatelier's principle for the c...

The theoretical model for a packed porous catalytic particle of the slab, cylindrical, and spherical geometries shape in fixed-bed electrochemical reactors is discussed. These particles have internal mass concentration temperature gradients endothermic or exothermic reactions. based on nonlinear reaction–diffusion equation containing term with an exponential relationship between intrinsic react...

Some additional negative ion reactions of possible D-region importance have been measured in the ESSA flowing afterglow system at 300°K. It has been found that NO,does not react with atomic oxygen or atomic nitrogen with a rate constant as large as lo-” cm*/sec. The electron affinity of NO, is found to be greater than that of NOZ by more than 0.9 eV. It is pointed out that conversion of 02to Op...

Monodisperse nanoparticles of well-defined size and shape are required in several emerging applications, which take advantage of their size-dependent properties such as the superparamagnetic limit in the case of magnetic nanoparticles. Accurate tuning of the nanoparticle size and shape requires understanding of the mechanisms involved in particle nucleation and growth. In spite of extensive ong...

INTRODUCTION Alendronate sodium enhances bone formation and increases osteoblast proliferation and maturation and leads to the inhibition of osteoblast apoptosis. Therefore, a rapid and simple spectrofluorometric method has been developed and validated for the quantitative determination of it. METHODS The procedure is based on the reaction of primary amino group of alendronate with o-phthalal...