BACKGROUND The INVESTIGATE-I study was designed to inform a future definitive randomised trial of invasive urodynamic testing, compared to basic clinical assessment with noninvasive tests prior to surgical treatment, in women with stress urinary incontinence or stress-predominant mixed urinary incontinence. In a pilot randomised controlled trial, women from seven participating sites were screen...

RAND working papers are intended to share researchers' latest findings and to solicit informal peer review. They have been approved for circulation by (RAND's Center for Health and Safety in the Workplace) but have not been formally edited or peer reviewed. Unless otherwise indicated, working papers can be quoted and cited without permission of the author, provided the source is clearly referre...

BACKGROUND When standard therapies fail, clinical trials provide experimental treatment opportunities for patients with drug-resistant illnesses or terminal diseases. Clinical Trials can also provide free treatment and education for individuals who otherwise may not have access to such care. To find relevant clinical trials, patients often search online; however, they often encounter a signific...

BACKGROUND The scarcity of human organs requires the transplant community to make difficult allocation decisions. This process begins at individual medical centers, where transplant teams decide which patients to place on the transplant waiting list. Each transplant center utilizes its own listing criteria to determine if a patient is eligible for transplantation. These criteria have historical...

The question of how to determine which states and actions are responsible for a certain outcome is known as the credit assignment problem remains central research in reinforcement learning artificial intelligence. Eligibility traces enable efficient recent sequence experienced by agent, but not counterfactual sequences that could also have led current state. In this work, we introduce expected ...