Abstract. It is shown that the commonly accepted definition for the Casimir scalar operators of the Poincaré group does not satisfy the properties of Casimir invariance when applied to the non-inertial motion of elementary particles while in the presence of external gravitational and electromagnetic fields, where general curvilinear coordinates are used to describe the momentum generators withi...

Inflation—the hypothesis that the Universe underwent a phase of superluminal expansion in a brief period following the big bang—has the potential of explaining, from first principles, why the Universe has the structure we see today. It could also solve outstanding puzzles of standard big-bang cosmology, such as why the Universe is, to a very good approximation, flat and isotropic (i.e., it look...

It is easy to draw an intuitive parallel between the classical free electromagnetic field and its corresponding quantum, the photon-a spin-1 object. The situation with a massive particle such as an electron is less clear, as a real-world analog of the classical field whose quantum is the massive particle is not available. It is concluded that the fermion particle perspective provides the best a...

The Standard Model is the theory used to describe the interactions between fundamental particles and fundamental forces. It is remarkably successful at predicting the outcome of particle physics experiments. However, the theory has not yet been completely verified. In particular, one of the most vital constituents, the Higgs boson, has not yet been observed. This paper describes the Standard Mo...

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) is one of the most powerful tools to study fundamental interactions since light nuclei abundances crucially depend on many elementary particle properties, like the number of effective neutrino degrees of freedom, Nν . At the moment, however, recent data on Hemass fraction, Y4, and Deuterium (D) and Li abundances, Y2 ≡ D/H and Y7 ≡ 7 Li/H , produced during BBN are ...

Extremely high-energy(EHE) cosmic rays might provide a chance to check a violation of the Lorentz symmetry of spacetime. Some theoretical consideration is described about why the Lorentz symmetry might breakdown in EHE phenomena in this universe. Some models which introduce the violation of the Lorentz symmetry will be discussed. 1 Violation of Symmetry in Actual Universe Great achievement of t...

We discuss possible realizations of the hypothesis that all the fundamental interactions of the elementary particles should be of gauge type, including the Yukawa and Higgs ones. In the minimal SUSY extension of the standard model, where the quartic Higgs couplings are “gauged” through the D-terms, it is also possible to generate radiatively the Yukawa matrices for the light generations, thus e...

A concise review of the most recent major achievements of elementary-particle physics is given. The successes and problems of gauge theories of the strong and electroweak interactions are discussed. A comparison is made of the possible alternatives in the development of physics in the transition to laboratory energies of the order of a tera-electron-volt. Models of grand unification and superun...

In this review the basic interaction mechanisms of charged and neutral particles are presented. The ionization energy loss of charged particles is fundamental to most particle detectors and is therefore described in more detail. The production of electromagnetic radiation in various spectral ranges leads to the detection of charged particles in scintillation, Cherenkov and transition radiation ...

Centaurus A, the closest active galaxy, has been detected from radio to high-energy gamma-rays. The synchrotron radiation by extremely high energy protons may be a suitable mechanism to explain the MeV to GeV emission detected by the instruments of the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, as coming from the inner jets. This scenario requires a relatively large magnetic field of about 10 4 G that coul...