Multiple-channels of electromyogram activity are frequently transduced via electrodes, then combined electronically to form one electrophysiologic recording, e.g. bipolar, linear double difference and Laplacian montages. For high quality recordings, precise gain and frequency response matching of the individual electrode potentials is achieved in hardware (e.g., an instrumentation amplifier for...

To test whether electromyogram (EMG) is nonlinear deterministic signal or just random noise, we comprehensively analyze four EMGs of an adult woman. At first, we calculate the correlation time, L-Z complexity, approximate entropy (ApEn), maximum Lyapunov exponent (Ly1) and correlation dimension (Dcorr) of each EMG data and its ten surrogate data. We find that all the results are quite different...

Some guidelines are given for the interpretation of the electromyogram (EMG). In static isometric contractions there is, usually a linear, relationship between muscle force and smoothed rectified EMG (SRE). It should be considered, however, that most of the time several muscles are active simultaneously around a joint. This finding implies that the relationship between the SRE of a single muscl...

The physical qualities of water are well established and include buoyancy, water drag force, hydrostatic pressure and thermal conductivity [1]. The large difference in these physical qualities, compared to land-based activities, affect the human body in both physiologic and biomechanical aspects. An example of this is buoyancy, which acts vertically against gravity on the immersed object thus d...