Scholars have recognized that a recent increase in the ways citizens participate beyond the electoral arena may be a promising avenue of renewal for citizen participation. In this article we test the theory that different kinds of citizenship norms motivate some citizens to specialize in electoral-oriented activities (e.g. voting), while others specialize in non-institutionalized activities (e....

We study direct democracy with population uncertainty. Voters’ participation is often among the desiderata by the election designer. A participation quorum is a threshold on the fraction of participating voters below which the status quo is kept. We show that participation quorums produce incentive for partisans of the status quo to abstain, with the consequence that the status quo may be kept ...

Acknowledgements Minority Rights Group International (MRG) gratefully acknowledges the support of all organizations and individuals who gave financial and other assistance for this report, including the Department for International Development (UK). Assistance, the US State Department and many other organizations. He has served as a consultant on issues of constitutional design for 16 countries...

the relation between religiosity and electoral behavior as the major research question in this study has been reported by some researchers with paradoxical results. for a more profound understanding of the relationship between the two variables, religiosity was analyzed at two levels: scale and type; electoral behavior was also investigated at two levels: voting tendency and voting participatio...

This study questions why this is so and analyses the factors that prevent women from participating in the parliamentary election in Iran. The purpose of this research is to study the An Analysis of the Factors Influencing Women’s Participation in the Parliamentary election in Iran. It focuses on socio-political factors influencing the participation of women as electorate in the five General Ele...

Abstract How unemployment affects electoral participation is a archetypal question in political sociology and of particular relevance economic crises; the 1930s as well during pandemic. A frequent argument literature that leads to withdrawal unemployed have focus on their economy other personal matters. Some scholars, hand, reason triggers mobilization through feelings grievance strive protest ...