Wetland paddy agro-ecosystems are recognized as important human-made wetland systems. Realizing that lands ecological systems, the state of Kerala in southern India passed an act 2008 preventing their conversion to other uses. The provides subsidies and production bonuses encourage farmers imposes penalties for non-compliance. However, economic benefits associated with considerably higher than ...

Agroforestry, land use at the agriculture-forestry interface that implies presence of trees on farms and/or farmers in forests, has a history may be as old agriculture, but an overarching label and topic formal scientific analysis, it is its fifth decade [...]

Despite the fact that scientific and political consideration for ecosystem services has dramatically increased over the past decade, few studies have focused on marine and coastal ecosystem services for conservation strategies. We used an ecosystem services approach to assess spatial distributions of habitat risks and four ecosystem services (coastal protection, carbon storage, recreation, and ...

Global efforts to conserve biodiversity have the potential to deliver economic benefits to people (i.e., "ecosystem services"). However, regions for which conservation benefits both biodiversity and ecosystem services cannot be identified unless ecosystem services can be quantified and valued and their areas of production mapped. Here we review the theory, data, and analyses needed to produce s...

E service is the collective name for the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. As a scientific concept, it can be dated back to the 1960s; whereas, the proliferation of ecosystem service research has been since the late 1990s driving by the increasing environmental concerns of human societies. Ecosystem service has been defined from an anthropocentric perspective that links ecosystems an...