The purpose of this brief concluding chapter is to summarize our analysis by stages and to point up some implications for economic and sociological theory, respectively, and for the relations between them. Our central proposition is that economic theory is a special case of the general theory of social systems, which is in turn one of the main branches of the developing general theory of action...

The evidence in support of the deterrent effect of the certainty of punishment is far more consistent than that for the severity of punishment. However, the evidence in support of certainty’s effect pertains almost exclusively to apprehension probability. Consequently, the more precise statement is that certainty of apprehension, not the severity of the ensuing legal consequence, is the more ef...

This paper aims to identify key challenges facing Iran and South Korea in their bilateral trade and investment relations. In particular, it is concerned with the policy implications which can be useful for policy makers and business people of both countries. For this purpose, we review and analyze the recent developments of the Iranian economy and bilateral trade and investment relations betwee...

T o what extent do the institutions of presidentialism allow voters to hold governments accountable? Powell and Whitten (1993) suggested that voter capacity to sanction is strong when “clarity of government responsibility” for outcomes is clear, and vice versa. I argue that clarity of responsibility functions differently under presidentialism and that presidentialism generates particular forms ...

Purpose This study investigates the impact of global economic sanctions on foreign direct investment (FDI). Design/methodology/approach Data were gathered from several sources, including United Nations Conference Trade and Development, Global Sanction World Bank database, to build a dataset that consists 172 countries during period 2003–2019. The panel ordinary least square with fixed-effects e...

Many countries rely on monitoring of jobseekers and benefit sanctions in case of noncompliance with job search requirements to encourage job search and to prevent abuse of the social insurance system. However, so far only little is known about the optimal design of monitoring and sanction systems. In a model with worker heterogeneity and endogenous policy choice for each period in the unemploym...

the protection of creditors and making suitable security for their rights will result in their trust for the investment and will lead to the briskness of the trade and economic growth. one of the most important problems is the protection of creditors against contracts that debtors conclude them with the intention of escape from the payment of their debts. in this study the validity of these con...

In a survey of Australian citizens (valid N = 1,406), personal and social norms were found to moderate effects of deterrence on tax evasion. Personal, internalized norms of tax honesty were negatively related to tax evasion and moderated the effects of deterrence variables (i.e., sanction severity), suggesting deterrence effects only when individual ethics were weak. Perceived social norms, bey...