UNLABELLED PROJECT CONTEXT: Leaders in the fields of public health and health promotion increasingly advocate a socio-ecological approach to meet contemporary and emerging population health challenges. It is essential that health promotion workforce development initiatives mirror the evolving direction of the field to facilitate translation of theory into practice. To date, there has been limit...

In stark contrast to individual-level approaches to health promotion, ecological approaches target multiple influences of health behavior, because changing individuals and their behaviors may be temporary without corresponding changes to the environment in which they are embedded. Using an ecological approach, supportive environmental factors are considered when designing effective and sustaina...

Many physical diseases have been reported to be associated with psychosocial factors. In these diseases, assessment relies mainly on subjective symptoms in natural settings. Therefore, it is important to assess symptoms and/or relationships between psychosocial factors and symptoms in natural settings. Symptoms are usually assessed by self-report when patients visit their doctors. However, self...

Ecological momentary assessment and/or experience sampling methods are increasingly used in health studies to study subjective experiences within changing environmental contexts. In these studies, up to 30 or 40 observations are often obtained for each subject. Because there are so many measurements per subject, one can characterize a subject's mean and variance and can specify models for both....

Multi-level research that attempts to describe ecological eVects in themselves (for example, the eVect on individual health from living in deprived communities), while also including individual level effects (for example, the eVect of personal socioeconomic disadvantage), is now prominent in research on the socioeconomic determinants of health and disease. Such research often involves the appli...