Recently, there has been an interest in creating practical anonymous electronic cash with the ability to conduct payments of exact amounts, as is typically the practice in physical payment systems. The most general solution for such payments is to allow electronic coins to be divisible (e.g., each coin can be spent incrementally but total purchases are limited to the monetary value of the coin)...

In this paper, we examine the evolution of the impact of older scholarly articles. We attempt to answer four questions. First, how often are older articles cited in scholarly papers and how has this changed over time. Second, how does the impact of older articles vary across different fields of scholarship. Third, is the change in the impact of older articles accelerating or slowing down. Fourt...

that is as easy as playing cards. Let Vn denote the Vandermonde matrix with (i, j)th entry vi j = x j i (0 ≤ i, j ≤ n). Since the determinant of Vn is a polynomial in x0, x1, . . . , xn , it suffices to prove the identity for positive integers x0, x1, . . . , xn with x0 ≤ x1 ≤ · · · ≤ xn . We define a Vandermonde card to possess a suit and a value, where a card of Suit i has a value from the se...

The LEXADV-project is a Scandinavian research project (2004-2006, financed by Nordplus Sprog) with the aim of extending three Scandinavian semantic lexicons building on the SIMPLE lexicon model (Lenci et al., 2000) with the word class of adverbs. In the lexicons of approx. 400 Danish, Norwegian and Swedish adverbs the different senses are described with a semantic type and a set of semantic fea...

There is increasing interest in computer applications that are aware of the user’s context. Currently these applications are normally hand-crafted. A lot of them consist of presenting information to users as they enter a given context, for example a tourist nearing a site within a city or a visitor moving round a building. The paper presents a new form of document, and the supporting software, ...