The influence of small-scale processes at the ocean–atmosphere boundary layer such as spray and foam on surface waves prediction is studied. Estimates effect including exact number specific fragmentation “parachute” type in resulting drag coefficient shown. For estimates, numerical simulations within WAVEWATCH III wave model are performed. parameterizations wind input tested model: default ST4 ...

[1] Recent field and laboratory observations indicate that the variation of drag coefficient with wind speed at high winds is different from that under low-to-moderate winds. By taking the effects of wave development and sea spray into account, a parameterization of sea surface aerodynamic roughness applicable from low to extreme winds is proposed. The corresponding relationship between drag co...