in general, energy prices, such as those of crude oil, are affected by deterministic events such as seasonal changes as well as non-deterministic events such as geopolitical events. it is the non-deterministic events which cause the prices to vary randomly and makes price prediction a difficult task. one could argue that these random changes act like noise which effects the deterministic variat...

Recent work has developed a new framework for the impact of vertical wind shear on the intensity evolution of tropical cyclones. A focus of this framework is on the frustration of the tropical cyclone’s power machine by shearinduced, persistent downdrafts that flush relatively cool and dry (lower equivalent potential temperature, θe) air into the storm’s inflow layer. These previous results hav...

Both clause types were tested in four ways, using two methods of comparison and two populations of participants. One method had participants distribute 100 points between the versions with and without ‘that’; the other was a binary forced-choice, under time constraints. Both methods were employed in a traditional lab setting and also crowd-sourced via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (AMT) facility (Mu...

Abstract A giga-large-eddy simulation of a cumulus congestus has been performed with 5-m resolution to examine the fine-scale dynamics and mixing on its edges. At resolution, dynamical production subgrid turbulence clearly dominates over thermal production, whereas situation is reversed for resolved turbulence, tipping point occurring near 250-m scale. For cloud dynamics, toroidal circulation a...

Vacuum distillation may be used to enhance the separation of hydrocarbons because of the improvement in relative volatility at the lower pressure. Vacuum may also be employed to break azeotropes by using two columns in series that operate at different pressures. And, it may be required to reduce the boiling point of the bottom composition so conventional heat-transfer fluids can be used for hea...