This paper responds to the argument that while Fair Trade governance might increase short-term welfare, it reduces long-term development prospects by discouraging diversification and structural change. Even though it is agreed that lower value sectors, such as commodity agriculture, are unlikely to offer a long-term solution to global income inequalities, the importance of their shortand medium...

Agricultural production in the Midwestern US is highly concentrated with 85% percent of cropland acreage planted to only corn and soybeans (NASS, 2006). Crop specialization has improved the productivity and market efficiency of grain based commodity crops, but maintaining profitability has become increasingly difficult as input prices continue to rise while grain prices fluctuate substantially ...

the paper studies of the effect the related and unrelated diversification for products and ownership structure on capital structure for a sample of 87 firms out of 19 industry listed on the tehran stock exchange during the period 2004- 2009. for to regress of models to apply of multivariate approach include panel data and cross-sectional regressions. this study adopts panel fixed effects regres...

Firms pursue diversification for sake enhancing financial performance. Some theories state positive relationship between diversification and financial performance. However, there are some theories for negative relationship about the issue. The study has filled the gap that most studies done in developed countries and there are fewer studies in developing country like Malaysia. In this study, re...

In this paper, we aim at developing a model for option pricing to reduce the risks associated with Ethiopian commodity prices fluctuations. We used the daily closed Unwashed Lekempti grade 5 (ULK5) coffee and Whitish Wollega Sesame Seed Grade3 (WWSS3) prices obtained from Ethiopia commodity exchange (ECX) market to analyse the prices fluctuations.The natures of log-returns of the prices exhibit a...

The issue of financial integration, at the country level, is a well-documented phenomenon in the area of International Portfolio Diversification (IPD). Despite the increasing degree of financial integration, it is important to investigate the global integration at industry level to capture the potential benefits of IPD. Thus, this study attempts to evaluate the potential advantages of IPD for i...

South African trade policy has exerted a major influence on the composition and aggregate growth of trade. In the Apartheid period, trade protection seriously impeded both exports and imports, and the economy depended on favorable global commodity price trends to avoid running into an external constraint. South Africa developed a comparative advantage in capital-intensive primary and manufactur...

Investigating banks’ status has always been a concern to its management and regulatory decisions, which can be carried out by means of income diversification and CAMEL composite. The importance of income diversification is to decline the operation risk. The soundness of banking is also another essential component in the banking industry that can be evaluated by CAMEL. This article’s two primary...

Investment is an important driver of growth in both developed and developing countries. There has been a significant increase in domestic investment in Africa over the past two decades. However, despite consistent growth and international support through overseas development assistance (ODA), most countries on the continent still see a wide gap between investment requirements and domestic resou...