This paper describes an innovative approach to estimate motion from image observations of divergence-free flows. Unlike most stateof-the-art methods, which only minimize the divergence of the motion field, our approach utilizes the vorticity-velocity formalism in order to construct a motion field in the subspace of divergence free functions. A 4DVAR-like image assimilation method is used to gen...

This research aims to investigate the effect of conservative reporting on the investors' opinion divergence at the time of earnings announcement in a 5 year period during 2012-2016; the required data have been collected from Tehran Securities and Stock Exchange Organization and the population is consisted of 585 corporates-years which have been selected by the systematic removal sampling. To in...

Estimates of species divergence times using DNA sequence data are playing an increasingly important role in studies of evolution, ecology and biogeography. Most work has centred on obtaining appropriate kinds of data and developing optimal estimation procedures, whereas somewhat less attention has focused on the calibration of divergences using fossils. Case studies with multiple fossil calibra...

Calibration is a critical step in every molecular clock analysis but it has been the least considered. Bayesian approaches to divergence time estimation make it possible to incorporate the uncertainty in the degree to which fossil evidence approximates the true time of divergence. We explored the impact of different approaches in expressing this relationship, using arthropod phylogeny as an exa...

The availability of sequences from the mtDNA hypervariable region I and II of a specimen of the Neanderthal,1,2 Homo neanderthalensis, permits estimation of the time of divergence of Neanderthals and modern humans. Based on substitution rates derived from comparison of human and chimpanzee, Krings et al. provided an estimate of 550–690 KY1 and 317–741 KY2 before present for the split between th...

■ Abstract Molecular clocks have profoundly influenced modern views on the timing of important events in evolutionary history. We review recent advances in estimating divergence times from molecular data, emphasizing the continuum between processes at the phylogenetic and population genetic scales. On the phylogenetic scale, we address the complexities of DNA sequence evolution as they relate t...

! Abstract Molecular clocks have profoundly influenced modern views on the timing of important events in evolutionary history. We review recent advances in estimating divergence times from molecular data, emphasizing the continuum between processes at the phylogenetic and population genetic scales. On the phylogenetic scale, we address the complexities of DNA sequence evolution as they relate t...