one of the really important challenges facing agricultural producers is the choice of their product distribution channels. the present study is aimed at investigating the citrus marketing channel strategy and its determinants among citrus orchardists of mazandaran using a nested logit model. some two hundred and fifty two orchardists from 15 cities of mazandaran were taken as the study samples....

The main goal of the present study was to implement a hybrid pattern of cellular automata model and particle swarm optimization algorithm based on TM and ETM+ imagery of landsat satellite from 1988 to 2010 for simulating the urban sprawling. In this study, an alternative model was implemented in two ways: the first method was based on two images (1988 and 2010) and the second one was based on t...

In this paper, we ask “Can proximity to towns reduces poverty in rural areas?” For this study we have mapped all the villages in Orissa. The study is based on small area poverty estimation methodology as well as the secondary data covering 47,395 villages and 109 towns. Our main findings are (i) there is a relationship between the distance to nearest town and rural poverty and (ii) poverty leve...

OBJECTIVE To assess the association between proximity to a needle exchange program (NEP) and experience of violence in an inner city neighborhood. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of residents of Harlem, New York City provided data for this study. We used geocoding to obtain the distance between respondents and the nearest NEP. Respondents reported violence they were aware of or had personall...

Few studies empirically estimate the effects of metropolitan growth on nonmetropolitan communities at a national scale. This paper estimates the growth effects of 276 MSAs on population in 1,988 nonmetropolitan communities in the United States from 2000 to 2007. We estimate the distance for growth spillovers from MSAs to nonmetropolitan communities and test the assumption that a single MSA infl...