We review recent neurophysiological data from macaques and humans suggesting that the use of tools extends the internal representation of the actor's hand, and relate it to our modeling of the visual control of grasping. We introduce the idea that, in addition to extending the body schema to incorporate the tool, tool use involves distalization of the end-effector from hand to tool. Different t...

A case report of 16 years female who reported to department with chief complaint of irregularly placed front teeth and an unpleasant smile. Patient was diagnosed with class II div 2 malocclusion with arch length discrepancy of 8.5 mm in maxilla with buccally placed maxillary canines. Molar distalization technique was planned using pendulum appliance. Molars were distalized by 5 mm in the right,...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this retrospective study is to investigate the dentoalveolar and skeletal effects of two distalizing protocols featuring different anchorage systems used in patients with class II malocclusion: the MGBM system (skeletal anchorage) and Pendulum (intraoral anchorage). METHODS The sample comprised 57 patients who were assigned to one of the two treatments: the MGBM grou...

a 16-year-old class ii female patient was treated without tooth extraction. the upper first molars were distalized by the pendulum appliance. after six months, the molars tipped significantly to the distal. to correct this side effect, we decided to upright the molars using skeletal anchorage. on each side, a mini-screw was inserted between first and second premolars in the buccal cortical plat...

BACKGROUND The aim of the survey was to obtain information on the treatment plan preferences, mechanics and characteristics of temporary anchorage device (TAD) application using a single case presented to orthodontists in Switzerland. METHODS A structured questionnaire to be completed by all study participants with case-specific (treatment plan including mechanics and TAD usage) and general q...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate three-dimensional molar displacement after distalization via miniscrews and a horizontal modification of the trans-palatal-arch (TPA). METHODS The subjects in this clinical trial were 26 Class II patients. After the preparation of a complete set of diagnostic records, miniscrews were inserted between the maxillary 2nd premolar and 1st molar o...

OBJECTIVE To compare dentoalveolar and skeletal changes produced by the pendulum appliance (PA) and the distal screw appliance (DS) in Class II patients. METHODS Forty-three patients (19 men, 24 women) with Class II malocclusion were retrospectively selected for the study. Twenty-four patients (mean age, 12.2 ± 1.5 years) were treated with the PA, and 19 patients (mean age, 11.3 ± 1.9 years) ...

M olar distalization for the treatment of Class II malocclusions has historically depended on patient compliance with intra-and extraoral auxiliaries. 1-5 In recent years, " non-compliance " devices such as the Distal Jet,* 6,7 Jones Jig,* 8 Pendulum,** 9 and repelling magnets 10 have been developed. The problem of anchorage loss during molar distaliza-tion with these appliances has not been so...