Now the last and most realistic problem will be investigated. This problem treats the breakwater as a rigid body that undergoes periodic wave forcing. This problem is the most realistic because a breakwater truly has physical dimensions in reality and would behave as a rigid body. Furthermore, if a breakwater is in the sea, then it will feel the effects of waves acting on it and not just the ef...

Complex principal component analysis (CPCA) is applied to examine medium-term geomorphological behavior of an exposed sandy beach adjacent to a gigantic breakwater of the Port of Sendai located near a river mouth in the Sendai Coast, Japan, using a 12-year series of bathymetry survey data. The results of CPCA and conventional real-PCA demonstrate that erosion and subsequent accretion of the sub...

Several types of structures are used in Coastal Engineering with the aim of preventing shoreline erosion, such as groynes, detached breakwaters, submerged breakwaters, etc. Submerged breakwaters have the advantage of their minimal visual impact, which has made them ever more popular (Chang & Liou, 2007). When the incoming waves impinge on a submerged breakwater, a process of energy transformati...