We present a simple and intuitive derivation of the track parameter covariance matrix due to multiple Coulomb scattering for use in track fitting with the Kalman filter. We derive all the covariance matrix elements for two experimentally relevant track parameterizations (i.e. x and y slopes and intercepts, and direction cosines and intercepts) in the presence of thin scatterers and absence of m...

The conventional method to evaluate earthquake induced permanent deformations of slopes is the one proposed by Newmark. In this paper, permanent displacement of slopes is studied using a combination of distinct element and finite difference methods and the results of these numerical evaluations are compared with those of the Newmark's approach. Several parameters involved, including peak ground...

Stability of reinforced slopes is almost always carried out using limit equilibrium methods and controlled by the shear strengths of the slope materials and the extension force of reinforcements. According to limit equilibrium methods, the stability of slopes is assessed by dividing the whole failure wedge into several vertical elements. In order to determine the safety factor of the reinforce...

Smooth slopes can be displayed on treadmills through tilt mechanisms , but these mechanisms are typically too slow to present sudden slope changes. The Sarcos Treadport utilizes a mechanical tether that can apply horizontal forces to the user to simulate gravity forces. Psychophys-ical results are presented to show that slope display via tether forces is a reasonable facsimile for treadmill slo...

This paper presents a new approach of landslides zonation hazard studies, based on an integrated study of structural data along with geomorphological and external factors, in a hilly regions of Brazil, covered by a tropical humid rain-forest, called Serra do Mar. The Serra do Mar consists of a hilly region along the east coast of Brazil, with high slopes and many geological structures in a gnei...

The stability of marine ice sheets grounded on beds that slope upwards in the overall direction of flow is investigated numerically in two horizontal dimensions. We give examples of stable grounding lines on such retrograde slopes illustrating that marine ice sheets are not unconditionally unstable in two horizontal dimensions. Retrograde bed slopes at the grounding lines of marine ice sheets, ...

This study presents new knowledge of the environmental sensitivity of a dynamic mode of atypical wildland fire spread on steep lee-facing slopes. This is achieved through a series of idealized numerical simulations performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and WRF-Fire coupled atmosphere-fire models. The sensitivity of the atypical lateral fire spread across lee slopes is tested...

Block-flexure is the most common mode of toppling failure in natural and excavated rock slopes. In such failure, some rock blocks break due to tensile stresses and some overturn under their own weights and then all of them topple together. In this paper, first, a brief review of previous studies on toppling failures is presented. Then, the physical and mechanical properties of experimental mode...

the purpose of this study was to analyze the instruments of risk management in the industrial dairy cattle farms in uromieh and khoy counties. the industrial dairy cattle farms in uromieh and khoy counties (n= 84) altogether constituted the statistical population of the study. by use of simple sampling method, 50 cattle farmers were selected as sample. the research design was a survey method on...