One of challenges artificial intelligence as a whole is robustness. Many issues such adversarial examples, out distribution performance, Clever Hans phenomena, and the wider areas AI evaluation explainable AI, have to do with following question: Did system fail because it hard instance or something else? In this paper we address question generic method for estimating IRT-based difficulty wide r...

as we know, at the course of history of thought the definition of religion has been always a significant dilemma and each thinker or philosopher of religion had inclination to present an accurate definition of religion. in spite of these attempts, there has been no consentaneous definition of religion up to now. difficulty of the definition of religion has several reasons that in this article s...

Task difficulty across different macro-genres continues to remain among less attended areas in second language development studies. This study examined the correlation between task difficulty across the descriptive, narrative, argumentative, and expository macro-genres. The three components of task difficulty (i.e., code complexity, cognitive complexity, and communicative stress) were also comp...