Acquisition of planar cell polarity (PCP) in epithelia involves intercellular communication, during which cells align their polarity with that of their neighbors. The transmembrane proteins Frizzled (Fz) and Van Gogh (Vang) are essential components of the intercellular communication mechanism, as loss of either strongly perturbs the polarity of neighboring cells. How Fz and Vang communicate pol...

Endosomal trafficking of signaling proteins plays an essential role in cellular homeostasis. The seven-pass transmembrane protein Frizzled (Fz) is a critical component of Wnt signaling. Although Wnt signaling is proposed to be regulated by endosomal trafficking of Fz, the molecular events that enable this regulation are not completely understood. Here we show that the endosomal protein Myopic (...

The Drosophila Frizzled (Fz) and Frizzled2 (DFz2) proteins function as receptors for Wingless (Wg) in tissue culture cells. While previous results indicate that loss of function for fz has tissue polarity defects, loss-of-function effects of Dfz2 are not known. Here, we have examined the requirements of fz and Dfz2 during neurogenesis. Our results indicate that both Fz and DFz2 function in Wg s...

Frizzled (Fz) proteins are serpentine receptors that transduce critical cellular signals during development. Serpentine receptors usually signal to downstream effectors through an associated trimeric G protein complex. However, clear evidence for the role of trimeric G protein complexes for the Fz family of receptors has hitherto been lacking. Here, we show roles for the Galpha(o) subunit (Go) ...

We evaluated the impact of outdoor exercise equipment (FZ, Fitness Zones) in 12 parks serving diverse populations. We used the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) to assess use and estimate energy expenditure prior to and twice after FZ installation. Park use increased more in FZ parks than in 10 control parks that did not get equipment, but the difference was not s...

The tissue polarity genes in Drosophila are required to coordinate cell polarity within the plane of the epidermis. Evidence to date suggests that these genes may encode components of a novel signal transduction pathway. Three of the genes, frizzled (fz), dishevelled (dsh), and prickle (pk) share a similar tissue polarity phenotype, suggesting that they function together in a single process. ds...

Hideki Kobayashi 1, Rene Halver 2, Godehard Sutmann 2 and Roland G. Winkler 1,* 1 Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany; [email protected] 2 Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; r.halver@fz...

The long-term success of a composite restoration largely depends on its smoothness, which can be achieved by the appropriate polishing tools and material selection. purpose this study was to evaluate surface roughness two materials after application selected systems. Filtek Ultimate (FU) Z250 (FZ) were tested. Forty specimens each prepared. After polymerization under Mylar strip, five samples f...

S U M M A R Y The detailed structure of fault zones (FZs) plays an important role in problems related to fault mechanics, earthquake rupture, wave propagation and seismic hazard. FZs are thought to consist of an O(10–100) m wide region of decreased seismic velocity but structural details such as their depth extent, lateral and vertical variations, etc. are elusive. The small spatial scales invo...

and Applied Analysis 3 Definition 1.10 see 5 . Let X,G be a G-metric space and f, g : X → X be given mappings. We say that f is a generalized weakly G-contraction mapping of type B with respect to g if for all x, y, z ∈ X, the following inequality holds: ψ ( G ( fx, fy, fz )) ≤ ψ ( G ( gx, gx, fy ) G ( gy, gy, fz ) G ( gz, gz, fx ) 3 ) − φGgx, gx, fy, Ggy, gy, fz, Ggz, gz, fx, 1.2