the us, not only failed to predict the occurrence of the middle east revolutions but also failed to understand the depth and the probability of its spread to other countries. while washington was engaged in tactical initiatives in confronting the islamic awakening, the islamic republic of iran took the creativity of a strategic game in hand. this was a three-step profile raised by the supreme l...

In this editorial we ask key questions about what it means to publish ‘a journal’ in a world of publishing which is driven by individual article metrics and online access. Seeing the value journals as venues for intellectual debate, therefore set out renewed vision how Transactions Institute British Geographers can provide space more collective collaborative approaches geographical debate. This...

To obtain the SVA objective from the parametric MJP model, we begin by scaling the exponential distribution f(t;λ) = λ exp(−λt), which is an exponential family distribution with natural parameter η = −λ, log-partition function ψ(η) = − ln(−η), and base measure ν(dt) = 1 [1]. To scale the distribution, introduce the new natural parameter η̃ = βη and log-partition function ψ̃(η̃) = βψ(η̃/β). The new ...

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A current scenario to explain much of the atmospheric CO2 increase during the Glacial to Holocene climate transition requires the outgassing of a deep, old oceanic CO2 reservoir thought to be located in the Southern Ocean. In this scenario, CO2-rich and 14C-depleted subsurface Antarctic-sourced water, ventilates the thermocline where it is purged to the atmosphere in the equatorial regions, a v...

  This study attempted to investigate whether there was any significant difference between the speaking achievement of learners who were trained by means of audiotaped dialogue journal, dialogue journal writing, or traditional free speech. The participants, 45 male and female students aged between 21 and 32, were selected by random sampling from among free speech classes in an English teaching...