Fumarate-containing pharmaceuticals are potent therapeutic agents that influence multiple cellular pathways. Despite proven clinical efficacy, there is a significant lack of data that directly defines the molecular mechanisms of action of related, yet distinct fumarate compounds. We systematically compared the impact of dimethyl fumarate (DMF), monomethyl fumarate (MMF) and a mixture of monoeth...

15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to follow the positional isotope exchange reaction of bovine liver argininosuccinate lyase. The enzyme was shown to catalyze the N-3-N-2 positional nitrogen exchange in [3-15N]argininosuccinate in the presence of excess arginase. The ratio of the positional isotope exchange rate and the rate for net substrate turnover is less than 0.15 at low...

Iron(II) and iron(III) salts catalyze the oxidative alpha-phosphonation of N,N-dimethylanilines with dialkyl H-phosphonates in the presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide.

The Oxford Whole Body Counter was used to measure absorption from various therapeutic preparations of iron in five groups of subjects. Succinic acid enhanced absorption of iron when added to a solution of ferrous fumarate, but not when given with tablets of ferrous fumarate or ferrous sulphate. Ferrous fumarate plus ascorbic acid was absorbed better than ferrous fumarate alone but no better tha...

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed the safety of 6 dialkyl malate compounds used in cosmetics. These ingredients function mostly as skin-conditioning agents-emollients. The Panel reviewed relevant animal and human data related to the ingredients along with a previous safety assessment of malic acid. The similar structure, properties, functions, and uses of these ingred...

An efficient and generally applicable protocol for palladium-catalyzed oxidative deacetonative coupling of 4-aryl-2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ols with dialkyl H-phosphonates has been developed. This methodology provides a new and practical route to alkynylphosphonates using the inexpensive 4-aryl-2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ols as the alkyne sources. This reaction could also be performed with aryl bromides, 2-me...

Malate, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolite, increased lifespan and thermotolerance in the nematode C. elegans. Malate can be synthesized from fumarate by the enzyme fumarase and further oxidized to oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenase with the accompanying reduction of NAD. Addition of fumarate also extended lifespan, but succinate addition did not, although all three intermediates a...

Hierarchical control ensures that facultative bacteria preferentially use the available respiratory electron acceptor with the most positive standard redox potential. Thus, nitrate is used before other electron acceptors such as fumarate for anaerobic respiration. Nitrate regulation is mediated by the NarX-NarL two-component system, which activates the transcription of operons encoding nitrate ...

Antianemic medicament ferrous gluconate, ferrous fumarate, and a Dynabi tablet with a basic iron bearing ingredient were studied with the use of Mössbauer spectroscopy. Room temperature spectra of ferrous gluconate gave clear evidence that the two phases of iron were present: ferrous (Fe2+) as a major one with a contribution at and above 91 a.u.% and ferric (Fe3+) whose contribution was found t...

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(10)H(24)N(3) (+)·0.5C(4)H(2)O(4) (2-)·0.5C(4)H(4)O(4), comprises a triisopropyl-guanidinium cation, half of a fumarate dianion and half of a fumaric acid mol-ecule; both the fumarate dianion and the fumaric acid mol-ecule are located on inversion centres. In the crystal, inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl groups of the fumaric ...