Key limitations of integrated assessment models (IAMs) are their highly stylized and aggregated representation of climate damages and associated economic responses, as well as the omission of specific investments related to climate change adaptation. This paper proposes a framework for modeling climate impacts and adaptation that clarifies the relevant research issues and provides a template fo...

M any scientists are aware of the subtle influences on their own scientific conduct, but many others are not. Sydney Brenner, the joint winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine, delightfully described a slide in which data points were scattered very close to a straight line— but a large mysterious black object lay in one corner. By degrees, the onlooker realizes that the object...

Radiotherapy applies ionizing irradiation to selected areas of the body with the scope of destroying cancer cells, either as part of curative therapies to remove a primary malignant tumor and to prevent tumor recurrence after surgery, or as part of palliative measures to avoid local advancement of bone and brain metastases. Intriguingly, radiotherapy does not only have local effects but may lea...

studying of climatic elements  are one of the most important factors   influencing on agricultural crops  production and developing of agriculture activities in every region that led to increasing production . by studying of agro climatology  can be determined potential facilities in different areas  and used optimum of  facilities . this research was established  by determining  temperature po...