one of the most important problems in geodesy is the unification of height datum. generally in geodesy; there are two types of height systems, the geometrical height based on ellipsoid and the physical height based on gravity-defined surface (zhang et al, 2009).local height datum is determined according to mean sea level (msl). in regarding to mismatch of mean sea level and geoid, on the one ha...

This paper presents the local best model of PSO for partition-based clustering. The proposed model gets rid off the drawbacks of gbest PSO for clustering. The model uses a pre-specified number of clusters K. The LPOSC has K neighborhoods. Each neighborhood represents one of the clusters. The goal of the particles in each neighborhood is optimizing the position of the centroid of the cluster. Th...

A center of gravity (COG) is a source of power that provides moral or physical strength, freedom of action, or will to act.1 Analyzing COGs provides a means of focusing friendly efforts, both offensively and defensively. There are a number of tools and techniques available to identify and analyze COGs. Joint doctrine (JP 5-0, Chapter IV) presents one model, but there are others, each with its o...

Abstract Stratification is a feature of the type-reduced set general type-2 fuzzy set, from which new technique for defuzzification, Stratic Defuzzification, may be derived. Existing defuzzification strategies are summarised. The stratified structure described, after Defuzzifier presented and contrasted experimentally accuracy efficiency with both Exhaustive Method Defuzzification (to benchmark...

Postural and biomechanical analysis of the spine and trunk require an accurate quantification of spine location with regard to the gravity line. Several studies [1, 2] used force plate system in order to estimate the center of gravity projection but very few addressed the location of the gravity line related to the spine configuration. Duval Beaupere & Al. [3] has assessed the center of gravity...