Abstract In this paper, we propose a new type of univariate and bivariate Integer-valued autoregressive model order one (INAR(1)) to approximate linear birth death process with constant rates. Under specific parametric setting, the dynamic transition probabilities probability generating function INAR(1) will converge that as length subintervals goes 0. Due simplicity Markov structure, maximum l...

cells are active components in their environment and constantly adjusting their performance to improve extracellular milieu changing. this approach is reflected their tends of maintaining intracellular homeostasis. when the cells encounter stress or pathologic stimuli, they can undergo a new manner (adaptation) and new steady state for achieving viability and function. if the external stress is...