Glucocorticoids have been implicated in hypoglycemia-induced autonomic failure but also contribute to normal counterregulation. To determine the influence of normal and hypoglycemia-induced levels of glucocorticoids on counterregulatory responses to acute and repeated hypoglycemia, we compared plasma catecholamines, corticosterone, glucagon, and glucose requirements in male wild-type (WT) and g...

Caloric and water requirements for basal metabolism in the hospitalized, not anesthetized children were calculated by Holliday and Segar in 1957 [1]. They developed an empirical equation estimating maintenance requirements: 100 mL/kg/day for the first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg /day for the second 10 kg and 20 ml/kg/day for the remaining kg with hypotonic solutions (saline 0.2%) containing 2-3 mEq/100 kca...

fish larvae have a high requirement of amino acid (aa) for energy production and growth. this study was aimed to increase knowledge of aa profile during feral carp larval ontogeny and estimate larval aa requirements. larvae were collected randomly at 1, 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 26 and 33 days post hatch for growth and aa analysis. the composition of total aa changed significantly during ontogeny. the ...

Energy requirements are altered in critically-ill patients and are influenced by the clinical situation, treatment, and phase of the process. Therefore, the most appropriate method to calculate calorie intake is indirect calorimetry. In the absence of this technique, fixed calorie intake (between 25 and 35 kcal/kg/day) or predictive equations such as the Penn State formula can be used to obtain...

A continuous tension exists between the day to day requirements for a new product and the requirements in exceptional cases. The System Architect must understand both requirements and be able to discuss them in terms of value in order to make a balanced product. This article gives some handles to tackle this problem. This article builds upon the paper "Requirements Capturing by the System Archi...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the energy requirements of infants from total energy expenditure and energy deposition during growth. DESIGN Energy requirements during infancy were estimated from total energy expenditure measured by the doubly labelled water method and energy deposition based on measured protein and fat gains. SETTING Database on the total energy expenditure and energy deposition of ...

b a ckground:  nutritional care is of special importance in the control of the rate of mortality among intensive care unit (icu) patients. therefore, anthropometric and biochemical assessment are important among icu patients. we intend to report the anthropometric and biochemical indices, as well as the energy intake among icu patients in isfahan, iran. m ethods : this descriptive study was car...

Requirements engineering (RE) is often seen as an essential facet in software development. It is a vital process before each project starts. In the context of systems engineering, an understanding and application of systems theory and practice is also relevant to RE. The contexts in which RE takes place habitually involve human activities. Therefore, RE needs to be sensitive to how people perce...