In this paper information concepts will be roughly divided into two categories: The cybernetic and the semiotic-pragmatic. They are further divided into three and four subcategories, respectively. The cybernetic conception of information, which comprises both the mathematical-statistic and the logical-semantic approaches, misses some aspects of information and knowing, that are important in eco...

Flux balance analysis (FBA) in combination with the decomposition of metabolic networks into elementary modes has provided a route to modeling cellular metabolism. It is dependent, however, on the availability of external fluxes such as substrate uptake or growth rate before estimates can become available of intracellular fluxes. The framework classically does not allow modeling of metabolic re...

"Kybernetische PP adagogik" (cybernetic pedagogic) and research in "Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS)" basically are based on the same idea: to model the structure and process of instruction where the goal is to develop a learner-adaptive, exible and objective teaching programs. The theoretical background was developed by the cybernetic pedagogic. As H. Frank ((Frank70b], S. 260f) realized ins...