persist in both freshwater and marine systems. They range from organisms that form red and brown tides to cyanobacteria that turn lakes and ponds green (Figure 1) and red. The toxins (termed “cyanotoxins”) that these organisms produce are usually secondary metabolites, and are more numerically diverse than the organisms that produce them. Here we will focus on the use of molecular methods for d...

cyanobacteria blooms are common in baltic sea and their intensity have been increased due toanthropogenic eutrophication. in this study we investigated the cyanotoxin levels in the water samplescollected from four different locations in the baltic sea at three different seasons including summer 2011.protein phosphatase 2a (pp2a) inhibition assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) and ...

The intensification of agricultural productivity is an important challenge worldwide. However, environmental stressors can provide challenges to this intensification. The progressive occurrence of the cyanotoxins cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) as a potential consequence of eutrophication and climate change is of increasing concern in the agricultural sector because it has b...

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms occur in freshwater lakes, ponds, rivers, and reservoirs, and in brackish waters throughout the world. The wide variety of cyanotoxins and their congeners can lead to frequent exposure of humans through consumption of meat, fish, seafood, blue-green algal products and water, accidental ingestion of contaminated water and cyanobacterial scum during recreationa...

Recently, there has been a rise in freshwater harmful algal blooms (HABs) globally, as well as increasing aquaculture practices. HABs can produce cyanotoxins, many of which are hepatotoxins. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for nine cyanotoxins across three classes including six microcystins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin and...

While toxins from aquatic cyanobacteria are a well-recognised cause of disease in birds and animals, exposure of grazing livestock to terrestrial cyanobacteria has not been described. This study identified terrestrial cyanobacteria, predominantly Phormidium spp., in the biofilm of plants from most livestock fields investigated. Lower numbers of other cyanobacteria, microalgae and fungi were pre...